Classical Criminology Theory Essay Example for Free

Classical Criminology Theory Essay What is the classical school of criminology and what are the main points of this theory. Cesare Beccaria was a key thinker of this theory and is also considered by some the founder of modern criminology. Classical school of criminology theory placed emphasis on human rationality and free will. Second off this theory unlike the others researched the prevention of crime not the criminals. Also, according to this theory, crime was the result of people choosing to do so with the possibility of the consequences be evident. The classical theory of Beccaria and others is what our constitution was based upon so as you can see, it has great significance to our society. Humans are believed to act in their own best interests. We have our own free will and we also have a rational side to us. This was the basis of the classical criminology theory. Being the case, this theory emphasized laws that would stress non criminal actions would be in the best interest of society. Punishment and deterrence was an important factor in this theory because the punishment had to reinforce deterrence so people could rationalize the self benefits of criminality from the consequences of criminality. Due to the fact that Beccaria believed that bad laws led to criminality, a lot of his emphasis was based on preventing crime and swift punishment when crime was committed. In his eyes punishment is justified only to defend the peace of society and that society would be motivated to abide by it. This meant that punishment was to treat the criminal, incapacitate them from repeating criminal acts and deter would be criminals. To incorporate these ideas Beccaria believed that punishment should be swift, certain, deterrence, proportional to the crime, clear and based on positive and negative reinforcement. Swift punishment is believed to deter the most. According to Beccaria, when punishment promptly follows the crime, the punishment will be reinforced in a persons mind before they act criminally. A certain punishment is also a form of deterrence because the less would be criminals think they can get a way with, the more they will weigh in the consequences of that action. General deterrence is used for the purpose of setting and example for society. Laws should also be clear I defining  crimes. This will prevent judges from interpreting the law and only allow them to decide if the law has been broken. Lastly, the most effective way in preventing crime is to enact clear laws that reward good behavior and punish bad behavior. The theory of proportionality is another relationship between crime and punishment. The belief is that punishment can only deter if the punishment is proportional to the crime. The punishment must coincide with the crime in that the more serious the crime the more serious the punishment. Lastly, punishment existed to deter people from committing crime and the punishment should out way the gains of committing the act. Beccaria was a believer in that crime was due to unjust laws not because of the people committing the acts. fit the crime. He argued that if the punishment was more excessive than the crime it would be an abuse of power by the state and it would also create more crime. Beccaria was considered the founder of the classical school of criminology. He emphasized human rationality and free will, preventing crime and deterrence of crime. The classical criminology theory was different from the other theories that were introduced to us because it focused on the reasons why people commit crimes not on the deviant behaviors themselves. Beccaria and his followers had a great impact on our country it is what our constitution and current laws are based upon. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Cesare Beccaria. http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/beccaria.htm Keel, Robert. Rational Choice and Deterrence Theory. http://www.umsl.edu/~rkeel/200/ratchoc.html Siegel, Larry. Criminology. Canada: Thomas Learning, Inc, 2003.

A marketing analysis of Haleeb Foods

A marketing analysis of Haleeb Foods Haleeb Foods was established in 1986 and its first product was Haleeb milk. Since then, it has continued to provide quality products to its consumers with product and packaging innovations. Haleeb Foods is Pakistans number 1 and fastest growing packaged Food Company. In 2006, its annual turnover was Rs.9 Billion. Haleeb Foods has built an excellent reputation over the years. Haleeb Foods continues to be at the forefront of product and packaging innovation. By the grace of God, it has achieved market leadership in several food categories with a very strong portfolio consisting of leading national and international brands , Candia, Dairy Queen, Tea Max, , Tropico and Good Day. Apart from its extensive nationwide distribution networks, Haleeb Foods is also serving several export markets including South Korea, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and the Central Asian states and now going to introduce flavoured milk in united kingdom. 2-Vision Statement: Most Innovative and fastest growing food company offering flavoured milk product enjoyed in United Kingdom every home every day 2.1-Mission Statement: Our mission is to be the consumers first choice for products of outstanding quality and great service at a competitive cost through working faster, simpler and together. Build Branded food business to improve quality of life by offering tasty affordable and highly nutritional products to our consumers while maximizing stake holders value 3-Market Analysis Marketing analyses is very important for the new product because it will help us to know about our customers and competitors and we also conduct a research for the new product . first we will conduct primary research for our new product development and then try to know about our competitors. 3.1-Primary Research Primary research is one of the best tool for the success of the product. because in primary research we collect the data directly from the people and for this purpose we go for both qualitative and quantitative research. 3.2-Qualitative Data Following things can be included for qualitative research Interviews Observation Analysis 3.2.1-Interviews: Interviews are one on one or small group question and answer sessions. Interviews will provide a lot of information from a small number of people and are useful when you want to get an expert or knowledgeable opinion on a subject. we did interviews of different stakeholders, they are happy to this new product because we are launching in more than ten flavours. People are supporting this new product due to different flavours, they want change. 3.2.2-Observations: Observations involve taking organized notes about occurrences in the world. Observations provide you insight about specific people, events and are useful when you want to learn more about an event without the based viewpoint of an interview. According to our observation most people use flavoured milk, mostly child take a tin in their hand while going to school for breakfast. 3.2.3-Analysis: Analysis involves after collecting data and organizing it in some specific criteria you develop. They are useful when you want to find some trend or pattern. A type of analysis would be to record commercials on three major television networks and analyze gender roles 3.3-Quantitative Data Quantitative data has a very important for the primary research and it includes surveys and questionnaire. 3.3.1-Surveys: Surveys are a form of questioning that is more rigid than interviews and that involve larger groups of people. Surveys will provide a limited amount of information from a large group of people and are useful when you want to learn what a larger population thinks. In order to learn weather people would like to buy or use our product, we have decided to conduct a market survey. First of all we have designed a survey form that shows people ideas. Our organisation conduct a survey by questionnaire 3.3.2-Questionnaire Please tick on the appropriate and write a few short sentences where descriptive answer is required. 1-Do you like flavored milk? Yes No 2-Which milk do you use? Yazoo Frijj 3-What do you consider before buying a product Price Brand name -Labeling 4-In which age you lie? Middle age young age old age 5-How much is your monthly income 600 800 1000 6-Are you conscious about quality? Yes NO 7-Which flavoured do u like most? Strawberry banana chocolate 8-Which brand do u prefer most? Yazoo FRIJJ 9-Do you think that its flavour is nice? Yes No 10-Is it available in your local market easily ? Yes No 11-What do you think when buy? Low price Quality Thanking you for sharing such valuable ideas, your time and cooperation 3.4-Existing Competitors 3.4.1-Competitors Analysis Competitor analysis in marketing and strategic management is an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of current and potential competitors. This analysis provides both an offensive and defensive strategic context through which to identify opportunities and threats. Following are the main competitors 1- Yazoo 2- Frijj 3.4.2-Yazoos History Yazoo is a bottled flavoured milk or milkshake produced by Campina and is sold in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It comes in three flavours Banana, Chocolate, Strawberry. Campina Yazoo is the market leading bottled milkshake in the UK with over 80 million bottles sold each year. Introduced in 1989 as a flavoured milk drink for young children, the brand has grown consistently and now is drunk by kids (and grow ups) of all ages. Strength 1- Strong brand name 2-They have strong supply chain 3-Their financial position is very strong due to high volume of sales 4-They have many loyal customers 5-pricing Weakness Due to high volume of production sometime by mistake faulty products are sent into market 1-less flavour 3.4.3-Frijj History Frijj is a brand of milkshake sold mainly in the United Kingdom. Produced by Dairy Crest, it was first launched in 1993. Frijj is sold in four permanent flavours: strawberry, chocolate, banana and Chocolate Fudge Brownie. There have also been numerous limited edition flavours, some of which have featured characters. Strengths 1-Frijj has strong dealer network 2-Strategic alliances 3-Research and development investment Weaknesses 1-Less market share 4- 4ps For Flavoured Milk 4.1-Product Now Haleeb Foods Ltd is launching a new product in the United Kingdom market named as Flavoured Milk which will be available in different flavours in the market like as strawberry, banana, mango, chocolate, oat, apricot, mixed flavour and etc. 4.2-Price Pricing is one of the most important elements of the marketing mix, as it is the only mix, which generates a turnover for the organisation. Pricing is difficult and must reflect supply and demand relationship. Pricing a product too high or too low could mean a loss of sales for the organisation. We are offering competitive introductory price which is mentioned below Flavored milk introductory Price Sizes Prices ( £) Flavoured milk 3L 1.49 Flavoured milk 1L 60 p Flavoured milk 500ML 35 p Flavoured milk 250 ML (6 bottle pack) 1.00 4.3-Place It will be available in all supermarket and shopping plaza and all local area shops. We have decided to place the product in all the major and minor markets as well as in the canteens of colleges and universities. We have decided to acquire the services of large and organized distribution in different areas of UK. 4.4-Promotion We have planned a very wide range of promotion strategy that covers almost every part of the society. We have supported our promotional strategy with the use of electronic media, print media, internet and other sources and also with the help of some schemes such as lucky draws. Our promotion strategy in detail is as Television channels Newspapers Magazines Pamphlets Banners Sign boards Prize scheme Internet 4.5-Conclusion Of Marketing Environment By the intensive study of the entire market in its whole perspective it came to know that the overall environment is not much in favour of new firms. Because of semi-democratic ruling and the presence of well established competitors holding major part of the market, but we have a great edge we are introducing more flavoured as compared to our competitor. it seems supportive for a new product to make its place in the market. 4.6-Purpose The purpose of launching the Flavoured milk is to give a new taste to the people who are drinking almost every milk available in the market. We want to provide different flavours to the people so that they become refresh and healthy. 4.7-Features Following are some of the features of our product: 1-flavoured milk is good for health 2-Provides calcium 3-Provides vitamins 4-Beneficial for bones 5-Excellent in taste 6-Gives freshness 4.8-Targeting We will target the following customers: 1-Young generation 2-Boys and girls and people of every age 3-Belongs to upper and lower class 4-Student of colleges and universities 5-Wants a new and refreshing taste 4.9-Positioning We have to position our product in the minds of the customers and consequently in the market with the help of our effective and customer oriented market strategies. 4.10-Competitors strategy Our competitors have a good market share because they are adapting following strategies: 1-Less prices 2-Effective promotion 3-Intensive distribution 4-Quality products 5-Customers research 6-Attractive packaging Task 2 5-Cost Benefits analysis of Haleeb Flavoured Milk for four years 5.1-Material, Equipments and Labour cost. Yearly Cash Flow 1st Year 2011 2nd Year 2012 3rd Year 2013 4th Year 2014 Cash Outflow IT Expanses Computers and Servers 10,000 500 0 0 Website Development 0 0 0 0 Maintenance 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 Hosting 300 300 300 300 Licensing 900 900 900 900 Communication System for vehicles 1000 200 0 0 Total 13400 3100 2400 2400 Research Development Online Development 75,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 Risk Analysis 40,000 50,000 55,000 60,000 Total 1,25,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 Marketing Usual Marketing 60,000 55,000 55,000 50,000 E Marketing 45,000 45,000 55,000 45,000 `Total 1,05,000 1,00,000 1,10,000 90,000 Administration cost Machinery in warehouse 15,000 5,000 0 0 Rent 8,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 Internet 250 250 250 250 Phone 120 120 120 120 Salaries 80,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 Insurance 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 Vehicle and Maintenance 8,000 12,000 0 0 Inventory 60,000 69,000 75,000 80,000 Total 1,92,370 1,27,570 128,770 126,170 Total Cash Outflow( £) 4,35,770 3,10,670 3,21,170 2,98,570 Cash Inflow Sales Revenue 2,00,000 2,50,000 3,25,000 4,00,000 Other Revenue 50,000 70,000 1,01,000 1,25,000 Total Cash Inflow( £) 2,50,000 3,20,000 4,26,000 5,00,000 Net Cash Flow( £) (1,85,770) 9,330 1,04,830 2,01,430 Note: All figures are based on prediction. 5.2-Staff Training And Development Skills Audit and Development Planning Sample Sheets Operation/Process Description Skills Set Required Staff Fully Competent Some Skills Evident need Development Skills require Development IT Training skills Computer skilled staff NO YES Using Software (SAP) Collection from port to warehouse Staff training for keep it specific temperature carefully NO YES Tagging and keeping On time delivery Training For Drivers to deliver it on time No YES Familiar with exact place Packaging training Train the staff for Packaging(How to hold them) NO YES Basic Training for Checking material of Packaging 5.3-Option Construction Stage and Option Appraisal Stage Skills to be Developed Training/Development Options Option Appraisal Decision Latest softwares Proper knowledge of using Software and training Appraisal system Must be good learner Different for each costumers Proper Training related to job Appraisal system Proper training session required Task 3 6-Executive Summary This project is about new product development by Haleeb Foods Ltd. Haleeb Foods has the distinction of being the first company in Pakistan to use Tetra Paks novel packaging formats, Haleeb Foods has also introduced a number of unique products previously unknown to the Pakistani market, like Haleeb Labban, delicious traditional lassi (buttermilk) prepared with pure thick milk and yogurt, Candia Tea Max, Candia milk, packed in distinctive food grade plastic bottle, and Haleeb Good Day, 100% pure and natural fruit juice, free of added sugar, artificial flavours and preservatives. Now Haleeb Foods Ltd has developed a new product that is milk in different flavours and going to introduce in united kingdom market.For this purpose first we have conducted the SWOT analysis of company to see the companys strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Then we have explained the purposes, benefits and objectives of our products. Secondly we have made a marketing mix strategy for our product. We have divided market into different segments and decided to target young students of school, colleges and universities and people of every age. We have also paid special attention to the packaging, colour and price of the product. We have decided to place the product in all the markets of UK especially in the canteens of school, colleges and universities and every supermarket. We will promote our product through electronic media, leaflets, internet and other sources. We have also conducted a market survey to know the opinion of public about our product and developed our product accordingly. 7-Project Management project management skills are obviously important for project managers. Project management methods to be very useful in its planning and implementation. Even the smallest task can benefit from the use of a well chosen project management technique or tool, especially in the planning stage. projects can be various shapes and sizes, from the small and straight forward to extremely large and highly complex. In organizations and businesses, project management can be concerned with any area or function, for example: people staffing and management products and services materials manufacturing and production IT and communications Storage and distribution Finance administration purchasing Sales selling marketing human resources development and training customer service and relations quality health and safety legal and professional technical scientific research and development new business development anything else which needs planning and managing within organizations. Project management techniques are not just for project managers . they are available for anyone to use. 7-project management and implementation process 1.Agree precise specification for the project 2.Plan the project 3.Communicate the project plan to your project team 4.Agree and delegate project actions. 5.Manage and motivate the project team. 6. monitor review project progress 7.1-Agree precise specification for the project The project specification should be an accurate description of what the project aims to achieve, and the criteria and flexibilities involved its parameters, scope range, outputs, sources, budgets and timescales. Project terms also provide an essential discipline and framework to keep the project on track, and concerned with the original agreed aims which are given below. 1-Describe your purpose and aims . 2-State parameters for project (budgets, range, scope, time scale). 3-involve the people in meetings and decision making process. 4-Establish break points at which to review and check progress, and how progress and results will be measured. 7.2-Plan The Project Plan the various stages and activities of the project. Where necessary involve your team in the planning. It is useful to identifying all the things that need to be put in place and done, in reverse order. From the beginnings of the project use brainstorming ideas to help gather points and issues and to explore innovations and ideas 7.3-Project Times Scales and costs Most projects come in late thats why we planned a time scale and cost. If you have been given a fixed deadline, plan to meet it earlier, and work back from that earlier date. Projects which slip back and are delivered late, or which run over budget or fail to meet other financial requirements often cause significant problems. Exercising a little realism at the outset of a project regarding financials and timescales can save an enormous amount of trouble later. We are going to launch this project by the end of December 2011. 7.4-The project team important part of the planning stage is picking your team. Take great care especially if you have team members imposed on you by the project brief. Selecting and gaining commitment from the best team members whether directly employed, contractors and suppliers, consultants or other partners is crucial to the quality of the project. Project management on a tight budget can be a lonely business get some help from good people you can trust whatever the budget. 7.5-Project Management Tools There are different management tools for this project but Haleeb milk is going to use the brain storming tool. 7.5.1-Brainstorming For this project Haleeb food is going to use the brainstorming tool. Brainstorming is a popular tool that helps you generate creative solutions to a problem which can develop new ways of looking at things. It also helps you overcome many of the issues that can make group problem solving a sterile and unsatisfactory process. Used with your team. 7.5.2-Gantt Charts ACTIVITIES WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4 WEEK 5 WEEK 6 Executive summary Xxxxx Name of Focus Organisation xxxxx Description of Focus Organisation x xxxxx Organisational Factor xxxxx xxxxx environmental factor xxxxx xxxxx PEST Analysis xxxxx Change xxxxx xxxxx SWOT Analysis xxxxx cost benefit analysis XXXX potential cost associated with that change XXXX Team Briefing Process Training Staff XXXX How and when change will be Implemented XXXXX XXXXX conclusion xxxxx 7.5.3-Project Financial Planning And Reporting For projects you will probably need a spreadsheet to plan and report planned and actual expenditure of project .Large projects are likely to require some sort of require dedicated accounting software to manage the financial planning and software. It is a key function of project management. Create a cost line for main expenditure activity. Create a system for allocating incoming invoices to the correct activities. 7.5.4-Project Contingency Planning Since projects involve uncertainty and risk it is likely that you will need to develop contingency plans for key areas of risk. Basically this involves identifying risk scenarios which, have a significant impact on the ability of the institution to carry out its business and considering what options are available to you. Contingency plans are your alternative plans. They are there so that when a crisis occurs you can transfer almost instantaneously to an alternative plan. 7.6-Communicate The Project Plan To Your Team Communication is beneficial for project. it tells people what is happening and you get essential support, agreement and commitment. in project you should involve the team in the planning process to get good result. Involvement and communication are vital for cooperation and support. 7.7-Agree And Delegate Project Actions We have to identified each activity including all relevant parameters, timescales, costs, and deliverables. Use the SMART acronym to help you delegate tasks properly. Use of proper delegation methods is vital for successful project management involving teams. So publish the full plan to all in the team and consider carefully how to delegate medium to long term tasks. 7.8-Manage,Motivate The Project Team Manage the team and activities in meetings, communicating, supporting, and helping with decisions. Arrange face to face and group meetings, when you can bring team members together, are generally the best way to avoid issues and relationships becoming personalised and emotional. 7.9-Monitor Review Project Progress Check the progress of activities against the plan. Review performance regularly and adjust the plan if necessary in light of performance, changing circumstances, and new information, but remain on track and within the original terms of reference. Plan team review meetings. Stick to the monitoring systems you established. 7.10-Planning To Import Importing goods and materials can be complex. First of all drawing up contracts with your overseas suppliers .when and how you will make payments for the materials, bearing in mind that the exchange rate might change after you have placed your order, transport arrangements, storage, documentation and insurance. 7.11-Managing transport We are going to import directly. Importing directly means that you have personal contact with the overseas suppliers. It is potentially more profitable but means that you are vulnerable to language problems, exchange rate fluctuations and the possibility of additional costs. 7.12-Legal Responsibilities As An Importer Check that the items you are planning to import are allowed in or whether they need an import licence. Consider whether you are liable, under the principles of product liability for any harm caused by the imported items. Pay any duty and VAT that apply under UK law. 8-Implementation plan 8.1-Vision and mission Vision is to improve the performance of the core units chain. Whilst doing so we will continue to explore and develop growth opportunities in other markets. Our mission is to be the consumers first choice for products of outstanding quality and great service at a competitive cost through working faster, simpler and together. 8.2-Objectives To innovate and provide leadership in delivering quality products at fair prices,  Ã‚ ¶Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  To increase market share  Ã‚ ¶Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  To increase profit  Ã‚ ¶Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  To increase the length of product line  Ã‚ ¶Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  To serve customers better  Ã‚ ¶Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  To face strong competition 8.3-Environmental Analysis Organizational environment consist of all factors that in one way or another way affect or affected by the organization decision. Haleeb foods Organizational environment refers to the forces that can make an impact .Forces made up opportunities and threats. Organizations dose not exist in isolation. It works with the overall environment. these can be divided into two main parts as, Internal Environment and External Environment 8.4-Internal Environment Organizations internal environment refers to the elements within the organization. Internally an organization can be viewed as a resource conversion machine that takes inputs (labour, money, materials and equipment) from the external environment (the outside world), converts them into useful products, goods and services, and makes them available to customers as outputs. Employees or the working people are the main resources of an organization. In other hand these employees can make a big difference for an organization. If an organization has unskilled labours they may find a difficulty of getting things done. Organization benefited with skilled labour. It requires motivation and skills development to take the maximum performance of the labour. A manager is someone skilled in knowing how to analyze and improve the ability of an organization to survive and grow in a complex and changing world. This means that managers have a set of tools that enable them to grasp the complexity of the organizations environment. 8.5-External Environment It consists of all the outside institutions and forces that have an actual or potential interest or impact on the organizations ability to achieve its objectives for this we will do different analysis 1-Pest Analysis 2-Swot Analysis 3-Porters 5 Forces 8.5.1-PEST Analysis Political Factors Economic conditions are influenced by political and government policy, as you know the new government is making new policies in every field, it might be affect the business. At any one time either exported or imported goods can seem expensive or inexpensive, dependent upon currency exchange rates. There are many other ways, however, in which government decisions will affect organizations both directly and indirectly, as they provide both opportunities and threats for new business. Economic factors Economic condition are related to political and government policies .Due to instability in country ,inflation, unemployment ,no one company dont want to invest his money in the country .economy rate is going down and down every day. As a new milk company Haleeb foods will help the country to decrease unemployment by giving jobs to unemployed. Social factors the socio cultural environment summarizes the demand and taste . Many U.K citizens are practicing healthier lifestyles. This has affected the alcoholic beverage industry in that many are switching to diet colas and FLAVOURED MILK instead of beer and other alcoholic beverages. Also, time management has increased and is at approximately 43% of all households. The need for healthy products are in important in the average day-to-day life. Consumers from the ages of 37 to 55 are also increasingly concerned with nutrition. There is a large population of the age range known as the baby boomers. Since many are reaching an older age in life they are becoming more concerned with increasing their longevity. Technological factors The effectiveness of companys advertising, marketing and promotional programs. The new technology of internet and television which use special effects for advertising through media. They make some products look attractive. This helps in selling of the products. This advertising makes the product attractive. This technology is being used in media to sell their products. 8.5.2-SWOT Analysis Strengths: 1. Strong management system: 2. Effective internal communication system 3. Efficient use of resources 4. Employees empowerment 5. Diverse work force 6. Innovations 7-Taste,nutritious,hygienic,packaging Weaknesses: 1. Less market share 2. Limited knowledge of customers 3.

Alex Hailey :: Biography Biographies

Alex Hailey Journalist, writer. Alexander Murray Palmer Haley was born in Ithaca, New York, on August 11, 1921. He grew up in Henning, Tennessee, and graduated from high school at age 15. Haley studied at State Teachers College in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, for two years, and joined the Coast Guard in 1939. He started out as a mess attendant, Third Class, and in 1952 became the first to hold the title of Coast Guard Journalist. Haley’s friends quickly discovered his writing talent and began requesting his help when writing their own love letters. Haley also used his talents to recount the old tales of sea captains, which turned into his first published story. In the 1950s, Haley served as a public relations liaison, turning run-of-the-mill Coast Guard news into exciting, media-friendly narratives. After 20 years of service, Chief Journalist Haley retired from the Coast Guard in 1959 to pursue his career as a journalist full-time. He wrote stories for Playboy and Reader’s Digest , but his career exploded in 1965 with the publication of The Autobiography of Malcolm X . Haley had interviewed the minister of the Nation of Islam for Playboy, and these conversations expanded into the acclaimed autobiography. Malcolm X died shortly before the collaborative effort went to press. In 1965, Haley resolved to trace the genealogy of his mother’s family. He had grown up listening to his grandmother’s stories about â€Å"Kin-tay,† an African ancestor who was enslaved and shipped to America. Haley embarked on a safari to Juffure, a village in Gambia, to learn more. A local historian was able to tell Haley about his great-great-great-great-grandfather, Kunta Kinte, who was brought to America via slave-ship in 1767. Roots, Haley’s account of his family’s history, was published in 1976, after 12 years of research and creative reconstruction.

The Harlem Renaissance, Jazz and Billie Holiday Essay -- Billie Holida

The Harlem Renaissance, Jazz and Billie Holiday In Harlem, the people sit on their front porches in protest of the summer Sunday sun, fanning themselves with the morning paper as the day slides away. Out on the streets, neighbors call to each other. A woman’s voice is audible from an open window, singing nonsensically as she scrubs. Her melodies tumble out the window and intertwine with the trembling harmonica rising from the heat of the pavement and venture into the store on the corner. The boisterous laughter of men on the porch mixes with the skip of the jump rope slapping the sidewalk and the shrieking of children. All the faces on the streets, inside the houses, and emitting the shrieks are not the same ones to be found along Fifth Avenue, across town. This small portion of Manhattan is entirely black, except when the sun sets. Dusk somehow radiates calm to the slightly jittery Whites that pour into the city for an evening of entertainment. Only in darkness is when the Whites feel safer in making the pilgrimage to Harlem. Differentiating skin color isn’t a chore when pedestrians are only a possibility-- when the sun doesn’t make lightness or darkness so apparent. People parade into the city dressed up to the nines, out to hear the latest style of music, dance the latest dance, or see the latest revue. Creation spewing from this cultural Mecca is insatiably sought after and people of all ethnicities wish to embrace it as their own. High heels and wingtips carry stocking feet into various downtown dumps and dives for a change of pace, clamoring for Black artists to whom they would never give the time of day if the sun were out. Yet the patience of nighttime is incontestable. The rhythms and rhymes coinciding with th... ... to break into show business at all. The great "Lady Day" lived her whirlwind life, making decisions that would have made any mother’s head spin. But her unbelievable life helped pave the way for other Black female artists, so that they had a strong female example that didn’t back down in the face of Racial and Sexist tensions and worked so hard to overcome them that the stress was too much, and she sought solace in narcotics because the pressure was too great. Today, the legacy of Billie Holiday lives on. People are continuously intrigued by her life, inspired by her music, and impressed with the difficulties she faced. Armed with her music, Billie Holiday faced the world on the offensive, constantly battling those who presented her with obstacles. Though she did not fight flawlessly, her ambitions and her dreams carried her through life as best they could.

Racism in the Video Skin Deep Essay -- Skin Deep Racism Racist Essays

Racism in the Video Skin Deep In the ideal world everybody is equal. In the real world there is racism. Situations stemming from racist feelings and conflicts between ethnic groups remains a serous problem. The video Skin Deep brought together college students of different races to express their feeling and beliefs about racism. The video supported the idea that the environment you are raised in is an influence on beliefs and feelings you might have towards other races. Dave’s grandfather was a confederate. He grew up listening to his grandfather talk bad about other races. Dave’s best friend is Mexican, and he said he can not bring him around his grandparents. Marc comes from a good Italian family. His father has some strong views about people of other races. Marc adores his father, but he’s not sure if he agrees with him. In fact, Marc loves to sing and when he joined in an all Black gospel choir, he did not tell his father for several months. Most of the other students expressed that they had the same upbringing, to discriminate against other races. Even though it was wrong of our grandparents and parents to raise us in such an environment, I can understand why they did. Some of our grandparents lived in the days of slavery and war and had to deal with the experience first hand. Their experience is all they knew to teach their young. I think our generation can look past how we were brought up and recognize that it is wrong, and teach our children better. Tammy made a point that the black students at her school often did not get involved in events. She said that when she went to school meetings she made an attempt to sit by students of other races, when she tried to make friends with them by sitting next to them and making conversation, she could tell that they did not feel comfortable sitting next to her. This made her feel uncomfortable. The Black students felt that they were often left out of groups and schoolSkin Deep 3 events so they decided to have a graduation ceremony for Black students only. My first thought of this idea was that it was only splitting the races up even more. After listening to other’s thoughts in class I understood more why this was so special to the Black race. One reason was because for most of the students, they were the first to graduate in their family and that is something to take pride in. Judith is th... ...one of another race has the same opportunity as me. I do think I feel this way because I have not had to experience life as a person of a different race. Brian a black student, felt that White people think if one Black person does something bad, then all Black people do it. I also think that the media, movies, and music play a big role in stereotyping. Stereotyping is something that most people do. I don’t think it is done to hurt people intentionally. Overall, I thought the video was good and the students expressed their opinions and feelings openly and honestly. The video is pretty old and I do think that people are more accepting of other cultures, interracial marriages, and biracial people now. I might even say that I am ignorant to racism because I am not racist. Maybe I do not really see racism when it is right in front of me. Being a nurse I have patients of all races and cultures. I see my patients as equal humans. When I look at them, the color of their skin or their appearance is not important to me. What I see is a patient who is sick and needs my care. There is no one solution to racism in this country. We each need to contribute to the solution in our own way.

Emotional Intelligence Essay

The article titled, The Emotional Intelligence of Leaders, written by Daniel Goleman, emphasizes on the emotional intelligence aspect of leadership and discusses various points regarding emotional intelligence in leaders and in people in general. There is a clear separation of raw intelligence technical expertise from that of emotional intelligence. It is explained that raw intelligence and technical expertise are the basic skills and capabilities required of a leader, but that emotional intelligence is the element that, combined with the basic skills, makes up a successful leader. It involves demonstrating qualities of the heart, in that leaders should be able to connect with people on a human level, in addition to possessing the basic leadership skills. Following the discussion of the anatomy of emotions, the article describes that there are five main elements of emotional intelligence that are explained in the article, including self-awareness, managing emotions, motivating others, showing empathy, and staying connected, which is then proceeded by a discussion of raising your EQ. In the discussion of the anatomy of emotions, the amygdala is said to be a structure in the limbic system that stores emotional memory and perceptions. Some of these memories can include being happy, sad, and angry. When a situation occurs, you go back to your emotional memory to process a response or reaction. The first main element of emotional intelligence is self-awareness. In terms of leadership, self-awareness is described as a capability that allows one to have and to practice self-confidence and self-assessment. Self-assessment allows you to pay attention and properly assess the natural feelings that occur when faced with situations or decisions as a leader. It is important for a leader to have these natural gut feelings and to appropriately process and incorporate these feelings into leadership decisions. In doing so, a leader will possess a sense of self-confidence in their actions and decision making. It is what gives a person the sense of gallantry in their leadership role. The second element of emotional intelligence is managing emotions, which is explained as the ability to deal with one’s own stress and impulsivity,  especially in terms of anger, anxiety, and sadness. In doing so, one can pay more attention to situations and decisions that they are faced with as a leader, and less attention on the emotional disturbance that is faced with being rudderless in managing their emotions. By managing your emotions and practicing self-control, leaders can avoid poor decision making and will demonstrate improved leadership abilities. The next element described is motivating others, which involves management and leaders to be able to emotionally motivate and inspire others. Optimism is explained to be an important aspect of motivating others. It is said that the optimist can deal with setbacks better than the pessimist. In the event of a setback, an optimist leader would be able to overcome the issue and try again, learning from the setback and striving to push forward toward the goal or mission. Whereas the pessimist would give up, demonstrating a lack of ability to motivate their team. The ability to motivate others is a strong quality of emotional intelligence in leadership. Another element described in the article is showing empathy, which is the ability to read emotions of others, and again, connecting with people on a human level. Empathy shows your team a sense of connection and that you care about what they are feeling. Often, when empathy is not present, people can feel unappreciated and disconnected, leaving them overwhelmed and probably not at their best performance. It is crucial that leaders stay connected and in tune with their workforce. The last element is staying connected, which describes the ability to make and maintain a connection with your people. A leader should demonstrate a positive presence, and show their keenness and optimistic attitudes as this will reflect on their team and, most likely, will have a direct affect on how their workforce reacts. Expressing these kinds of emotions will surely have an influence on the team. Additionally, this will also contribute to the team’s potential and performance, which is always a goal of a manager or leader. The final section of the article explains the ability to raise your EQ – or  emotional intelligence. It is the qualities of the heart that make up one’s emotional intelligence, and although much of it comes naturally, some can still be taught. It takes desire, dedication, and coaching to successfully increase your emotional intelligence. In summary, it is emotional intelligence and the ability to connect with people on a human level, including understanding people’s emotions as well as expressing your own in an appropriate leadership manner, that gives leaders the fully rounded skill set to effectively lead people. Leaders should certainly possess raw intelligence and technical expertise, but more importantly, they must know how to connect with their teams and stay in touch with their emotions, as well as demonstrate positive emotions themselves. Emotional intelligence is something that can be learned, but is also a human ability that can come naturally to many at a young age. Leaders, in any environment, should understand the importance of emotional intelligence and the effects that it has on themselves, their teams, and the overall performance within their groups. The article titled, Thought Leadership: a radical departure from traditional, positional leadership, written by Mitch McCrimmon, discusses the differences of shared or distributed leadership, leaderful organizations, and thought leadership, while focusing on thought leadership as a new and emerging leadership style that is shaped differently from the traditional positional leadership style. There are three main sections of the article, including new leadership, what is thought leadership, and the key characteristics of thought leadership. In discussing _the new leadership_ style of thought leadership, the article explains that, unlike leaderful organizations and shared leadership, thought leadership does not involve the traditional managerial roles that are identified as leaders. Rather, the thought leadership involves individual innovative employees that demonstrate an ability to challenge a current status or process and provide new ideas to better a project or an organization as a whole. The discussion of _what is thought leadership_ provides insight of the abilities of a thought leader, and describes some skills that thought leaders do not need to possess. A though leader has the abilities to advocate new ideas that merit attention, whether by corporate management, co-workers, customers, and even market industries. An individual possessing this type of leadership style can be thought of as innovative individual and a thinker. Thought leaders, however, do not need to possess the traditional positional managerial skills, and can even lack the typical leadership skills, such and motivational skills. In fact, thought leaders to not need to oversee projects, be decision-makers, or manage task execution. The new idea can be presented in discussion, argument, and by presentation. It is usually up to a hierarchical management team to actually execute the new idea. The final section consisted of the _key characteristics of thought leadership_, in which some key points are identified. Just to name a few, thought leadership does not always start with management and work downward. In fact, it can start with employees and move upward to a management level. It is not limited to internal sources, and can originate from external sources outside of an organization. Thought leadership is typically not tasked or identified as a position in an organization, but is a naturally organic ability. However, in most cases, it requires some ability to influence or convince people that the new idea will provide value. In summary, thought leadership differs from the traditional positional leadership, such as shared leadership and leaderful organizations, in that it does not require the typical managerial and leadership skills. It relies on individual innovativeness and the ability to convey your new ideas and convince that your ideas will provide value. Of the two articles summarized, I believe that the article on emotional intelligence was more convincing. I say this because the article on thought leadership was more informational and provided a different outlook on leadership styles and abilities, whereas the article on emotional intelligence pointed out a type of intelligence that is required to be a  good leader. Emotional intelligence allows us to connect with our emotions, and the emotions of our teams, which I believe is critical in almost any leadership role where a group of people report to one first-line leader. That one leader should be able to relate to the human senses that drive people, and motivate them as employees and people, as well as encourage them to excel. In my own personal experiences, I have seen an extreme lack of ability in leaders to connect with people and deal with emotions, whether their own emotions or their teams emotions. This has surely led to my perception of incompetence in these particular leaders. In one situation, I had a leader that I felt very fond of and very confident in their ability to lead, until one day they showed a moment of breaking down (actually crying in the office) and it left me feeling a poor sense of morale in the organization and the leadership at hand. I think the emotional display was unnecessary and should have been handled privately. In this case, the individual lacked the ability to manage their emotions. With respect to thought leadership, I have not had any prior introduction to the topic, but in reading and understanding the article, I believe that I possess some thought leadership abilities. I say this because I often offer new ideas to improve processes and operations. In my most recent job, I came on board and within two weeks, identified several areas that needed improvement and offered ideas to improve these processes. With approval from management, I began to execute these new processes. Understanding that it is not necessarily up the thought leader to actually execute, I was faced with a lack of resources and decided to take the initiative to fully execute. In comparison, I believe that emotional intelligence is required to be a good leader, and a thought leader is not required to be emotionally intelligent; however; emotional intelligence should be a quality of most leaders. As stated in the Thought Leadership article, â€Å"emotional intelligence is not essential for thought leadership.† () As both aspects of leadership are great abilities to possess, they are not both required to be any particular type of leader. Personally, I believe that as a thought leader can live in  anyone, it takes a special ability to be in touch with your emotions and the emotions of the team, an ability that I believe is especially crucial in leading people. REFERENCES: Goleman, D. (1998). The Emotional Intelligence of Leaders. _Leader to Leader_, (10), 20-26. Retrieved from Business Source Complete database. McCrimmon, M. (2005). Thought leadership: a radical departure from traditional, positional leadership. _Management Decision_, 43(7/8), 1064-1070. Retrieved October 22, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global.

Life of Pi Essay

During Life of Pi, and Castaway, characters in each experience disastrous deaths of loved ones which play with their will to survive. However, their hope and determination pull through and overcome this heart- wrenching event. For Pi, from Life of Pi, there are numerous deaths that have a huge toll on him. Pi’s whole family dies when the boat they are travelling on sinks. Growing up in an Indian culture, Pi was very close to his family, and a part of Pi also died that day. â€Å"Every single thing that I value in life gas been destroyed. And am I allowed no explanation? I am to suffer hell without any account from heaven? † [OR SHOULD I USE â€Å"To lose a brother is to lose someone with whom you can share the experience of growing old, who is supposed to bring you a sister-in-law and nieces and nephews, creatures who people the tree of your life and give it new branches. To lose your father is to lose the one whose guidance and help you seek, who supports you like a tree trunk supports its branches. To lose your mother, well, that is like losing the sun above you. It is like losing–I’m sorry, I would rather not go on. †] Although Pi is devastated he is determined to survive. Likewise in Castaway, the protagonist: Chuck Noland’s plane crashes and he washes up to shore. While isolated, Chuck makes himself a companion out of a volleyball who he names Wilson. This ball becomes important to Chuck because it is the only object he has contact with for four years while on the island. He talks to Wilson as if he was a person and when he loses Wilson, he becomes wounded. This is a hard time for Chuck because all he had that was keeping him sane leaves. Nevertheless Chuck perseveres through the hardships and keeps moving forward with hope and determination. Despite the battle of deaths these characters Pi and Chuck Noland were presented, they prove that with hope and determination to live it is possible to overcome their adversity if death, and any other difficulty that arose. Aside from the emotional destruction due to the deaths both protagonists endured, they also have to deal with the physical destruction as well. These events are what trigger both Pi and Chuck’s journey. In order to defeat the odds, characters must be courageous, obtain hope, and stay determined. In Life of Pi, Pi and his family are moving to Canada from India on boat. When the ship sinks, Pi is the only one from his family to make it to a life boat. â€Å"The ship was sinking. My mind could hardly conceive it. It was as unbelievable as the moon catching fire. † While this was happening, Pi is very optimistic. Although fear and negativity flowed through him, in the end Pi gains hope. Throughout the novel, Pi would constantly go through episodes of defeat and self-pity. However, Pi is determined to survive. It was through this determination and courageous acts that Pi beats the odds and lives through this destruction. Similarly to Pi, Chuck Noland from Castaway also had an unexpected change of events while travelling. Chuck was on his way to Russia when he mentions to Kelly, his love interest â€Å"I’ll be right back! † as he was boarding the plane. Little did Noland know that it was about to crash. This physical destruction is a gigantic catastrophe for Chuck, and after four years of being stranded on an island, decides to undertake the Atlantic Ocean back to civilization. To achieve this, after being isolated Chuck needed courage. Along with determination, and hope Chuck strives for salvation and saves himself. With the unfortunate events Pi and Chuck are faced with, each made their way home relatively safe- considering the circumstances. The characters proved that despite the expectations of failure that were set for them, if they had courage, hope, and determination they would survive any tragic event that came their way. There is no argument that both the novel Life of Pi, and the movie Castaway are both tragedies- a sinking ship and crashing plane are tragic events. However, protagonists in each stay hopeful and determined to have a happy ending. Pi, from Life of I is a very obedient, sensitive person. He follows his parent’s rules strictly. Pi was always very observant of his older brother, and strived to stay out of trouble. When Pi was stranded on the life boat alone, he lost life as he knew it. Pi experiences monstrous behavior, even going as far as to eat human flesh-cannibalism. Every rule Pi had been taught that human restraint has â€Å"gone out the window†. The way Pi viewed the world completely changed. Death is so real, so close to Pi, his views altered entirely. â€Å"By the next morning I had lost all fear of death, and I resolved to die. † (page 268) Pi also had very strict rules when it came to religion, spirituality and faith. Pi was a strict vegetarian due to his belief in God. While stranded, Pi had no other choice but to kill and eat animals. Because of this, he loses his innocence. â€Å"Lord, to think that I’m a strict vegetarian. To think that when I was a child I always shuddered when I snapped open a banana because it sounded to me like the breaking of an animal’s neck. I descended to a level of savagery I never imagined possible. † This proves how this tragedy made Pi lose hope in himself. He went against every standard he has ever believed in. Chuck from Castaway’s views on life and the world also changed drastically after the plane crash. Chuck Noland’s whole life revolved around time and work before the crash. Once chuck had witnessed how quickly life could turn for the worst, he had a complete change in attitude. At the beginning of the movie Chuck really did not care about other people’s feelings. As chuck gained hope to survive, and determination to do so, he even treated Wilson- a volleyball with respect. By the time Chuck returned home, he had a genuine concern for people around him. With both of these characters, it is clear that the tragic experiences altered their hearts, and outlook on life. Both the stories of Pi from Life of Pi by Yann Martel, and Chuck from Castaway are very similar. Each has experiences of death, destruction, and tragedy that take a great toll on both characters. However they resolve their adversities, and prove it is possible to beat the likelihood of failing by turning to hope and staying determined to survive. Each story ended with a new beginning for each character: the prize from the pain. The theme of hope continued to their future lives with Pi: through this wife, children, and new home, and new openings. In the same way, Chuck also had a chance to start over.